short story :: essays research papers

A NEW PAGE by P. Ringon It’s been two weeks, and I haven’t made any real friends. It’s just that, I feel as if no one likes me. Sure, I’ve talked to a few people, like Jessica and this really hot guy Chase, but I’m starting to feel lonely again. I mean, I was captain of the cheerleading squad at my old school, and was one of the popular girls. Diary, I just don’t get it. Well, whatever, I’m way too tired to keep on writing so, let’s just hope tomorrow will be at least a little different from the norm, that I’m slowly getting used to. Until next time. Carissa woke up the next morning and carelessly stumbled out of bed. She looked in the mirror and thought no wonder no one’s really talked to me, I look like crap. Despite her morning thoughts, she and everyone else knew how gorgeous she actually was. With her hair done, face fresh, clean, made-up, and new clothes to show off, she headed out the door and jumped into her car. She sped down to the nearest Starbucks, just like she did every morning. She finally got to school, still getting used to how different things looked compared to her old one. Carissa was still not used to her dad’s line of work, even though it was the fourth time his company had transferred him. Following the same routine she had been going through for the past two weeks, Carissa sat in the courtyard and read one of her favorite novels, The Joy Luck Club, and sipped on her brand-name cappuccino with extra whipped cream, hoping that someone would take interest in her and maybe even spark a new friendship. Carissa was reading †¦water had turned a deep golden color, and then red, purple, when she was suddenly startled by someone who knocked over her cappuccino. Without even looking to see who did it she blabbed out, â€Å"Look! You need to watch where you’re going, Loser.† Carissa looked up and suddenly felt her heart sink and her face turn as red as an apple. It was Chase, and before she could even begin to apologize, he jumped in saying, â€Å"Oh, damn. Hey, umm, it’s Carissa, right? I’m so sorry, I was totally zoned out. Here, I have a Starbucks ‘ccino, too, and I didn’t even do so much as breathe on it yet.

A Critical Analysis of Strategies that Promote Inclusive Practice in As

This essay will examine two assessment strategies, firstly that of observation and secondly, The Common Assessment Framework (2007), in order to critically analyse their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It will demonstrate the purpose and objective behind these assessment strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice and discussing measures used by practitioners. It will also demonstrate the importance of collaboration between professionals, learners and parents to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice showing an awareness of the importance of considering validity of content and technique to support the children’s learning and progress and the need for careful evaluation and moderation of assessment findings. According to Gipps (1994), assessment can be defined as the use of a wide range of methods used for evaluating performance, attainment and needs, including formal testing and examinations, practical and oral assessment and classroom based assessment and observation. Assessment strategies can be described as a process that organises actions and ideas, usually in a step-by-step fashion, which help to guide practitioners in carrying out an assessment. Assessment can be categorised into formative, summative, diagnostic and evaluative. Formative assessment, which is the continuous use of assessment to guide the teaching and learning process, enables the positive achievement of students to be recognised, and informs decisions taken about the next appropriate stage of learning. Summative assessment is that which usually takes place at the end of a programme of learning in order to find out what has been learnt and what standard the student has ... ...d practitioner confidence and self belief. Also, more research into the impact of the CAF process and ways of working to lighten the work load, as instigating CAF’s is seen as adding to this, by many professions. To conclude, this essay has examined observation and The Common Assessment Framework as assessment strategies, and has critically analysed their potential to promote inclusive practice in assessment. It has demonstrated the purpose and objectives behind each strategies and the use of assessment for a range of purposes drawing on current issues in practice. It has also discussed the importance of collaboration between professionals and participants to ensure respectful and shared assessment practice, highlighting the importance of considering reliability, validity, presence of bias and inclusive practice, in supporting children’s learning and progress.

Peer’s paper on Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity Essay

Please find attached Rima’s paper. Here are the assignment instructions for the peer review: â€Å"Your instructor will assign and send you a peer’s paper on Health Care Provider and Faith Diversity. Your job is to critically read the assignment and make corrections/comments using track changes and comments in Microsoft Word. Be sure to assess the paper using the following criteria: 1. Does the paper provide sufficient evidence for its hypothesis or claim? 2. Does the flow of the paper and sentence structure make sense? 3. Should it be organized in a different manner? 4. Are all the items listed in the assignment guidelines and rubric covered and in sufficient depth? This assignment uses a grading rubric. Instructors will be using the rubric to grade the assignment; therefore, students should review the rubric prior to beginning the assignment to become familiar with the assignment criteria and expectations for successful completion of the assignment.† Please submit your completed peer review assignment similar to your submission of previous essays, rather than replying here in the Individual Forum. â€Æ' The purpose of this paper is to identify and elaborate the characteristics of a healing environment, challenges and barriers associated in instituting the atmosphere for effective patient outcomes that will not only treat the patient illness but to help the patients to heal as a whole and biblical passage that support the concept of healing hospital from a nursing perspective. According to Florence Nightingale nurse’s role is to provide external environment and fosters internal environment necessary to heal the patients. We as nurses can manage the health and wellbeing of our patients and their families by providing them high quality, kindhearted care that will collaborate with care of the body, mind and spirit which in turn results in effective patient healing. Benefits  acquired from creating a healing environment has led many hospitals to integrate features that will help lessen stress associated with the illness and promote healing for patient and the family. Healing is not curing an illness by treating the symptoms, eradicating disease or following treatment plan as, a lot of time you are cured but not healed. An example that describe this concept is a person with a chronic illness such as cancer, is peaceful despite of her illness, loss of function rather than grieving for her illness and angry as she has healed from cancer. Healthy healing environment is meant to promote harmony of mind, body and spirit by providing a patient centered care that fulfills the spiritual, social and physical needs of patients. This idea of healing hospital will lower the cost of healthcare, by focusing on specific needs of the patients and create a better healing environment by reducing stressors in the hospitals which be later described in the paper. We as nurses play an important role in addressing the spiritual needs of our patients and incorporating this spiritual needs in plan of care will help facilitates the coping mechanism in our patients. Here in this Paper we are going to discuss about Mercy Gilbert Medical centre which is one of the famous healing hospital which has three key components that facilitates healing that is related to spirituality. Three key parts of this healing atmosphere are as follows: 1) A healing physical environment which includes implementing measures to keep the environment quiet to promote peaceful sleep that help in faster recovery by reducing the sources of noise such as eliminating over head paging or only in time of emergencies by carrying wireless for direct connection, soundproofing with sound absorbing ceiling, avoiding loud cleaning machines rolling down long hallways or replacing patient care areas with carpets and installing silencer to cleaning machine prevent noise created by it (Ebers t, 2008). Prevention of stressors such as noise, glare and poor air quality are shown to have increases patient blood pressure, heart rate and reduce oxygen levels due to environmental concerns. 2) The Integration of appropriate work design and technology plays an important part in enhancing the process of healing such as thoughtful layout that makes easier for frail patients to move around independently, Private patient rooms with larger space for storage of supplies, computer for charting, sink for hand washing, amenities that make it easier for family member to stay overnight. Also it  could reduce risk of infections, provides patient privacy and prevents any disturbances, promote peaceful sleep and caregivers can discuss private matters more freely without hesitating and maintains patient dignity which for some patients may be very stressful (Eberst, 2008). It allows portable equipments to easily move in and out from these rooms and patient does not needs to be transferred to any other room for x rays or procedures while maintaining privacy etc. use of colors, images and appropriate signs to help patient and family find their destination. Separate elevators were designed for patient transfers providing privacy and safety. Patients at this hospital were getting the benefits of most recent digital technology in specialty testing areas which help to get quick results rather than waiting for long hours and creating a stressful situation for patient and family. Primary care providers were able to access results from their personal device at any place which make it easier and convenient to make decision and planning treatment. Hospital designs and interior should be planned in the way that it allows natural light through large windows from where they can get more sunlight which can be helpful to lessen depression; fresh air by helping them to get engage with scenery can extensively reduce their tension, irritation and promote enjoyable thoughts. Skylight system provides in room entertainment such as comedy channel, healing music which promotes laughter therapy and healing. Patients were provided with education specific to their needs as well as patient satisfaction survey which helps staff to improve the patient care. Instituting advance technology with caring environment that delivers highly qualified, loving and patient centered compassionate care has helped this hospital to achieve effective patient healing (Eberst, 2008). 3) A culture of Radical Loving Care at Mercy Gilbert medical centre offers kindhearted care that enhance faster recovery of patients through a holistic approach that not only meets patients bodily needs but also their emotional and religious needs. They hire their employees not only on the basis of the skills but they look for those that consider the work as their passion, rather than just a profession, always willing to help people and go an extra mile for fulfilling their needs. They make sure that every encounter with the patients and families by the staff members is a sacred encounter. Touch Pads outside each patient room encourage the person entering patient rooms to reflect on their role that  can help patient in healing. All this efforts in providing compassionate care helped the patients, families, caregivers and the staff to make the stressful time into a peaceful situation (Eberst, 2008). Some of the barriers that prevent nurses or healthcare team to provide healing environment are as follows: As we all might be familiar with the fact that due to crisis in the health care field, many of the health care organization are working short staffed which means higher nurse patient ratio that results in burnouts and less attention and time spent with patients that they deserve to talk to their nurses regarding their health and concerns, physicians are encouraged to see more patients per day that can shorter interaction between physician and patient and it changes the way they were served (Dunn, 2010). Addressing the spiritual needs of the patient is very difficult especially when you are running out of time due to heavy workload and making sure that every patient is medicated and every task that needs to be fulfilled for the assigned patients is completed can be a barrier in creating a healthy and healing environment. Other possible barriers could be noisy environment due to loud intercoms, overhead pagers, disturbances from transferring patients from one place to another, cleaning machines can interrupt patient sleep which is important for early healing, Medical errors due to stress from all day noise and distractions, failing to address cultural, and spiritual needs due to language barriers can prevent from creating optimal healing environment (Dunn, 2010). The biblical passage that supports the concepts of healing hospital is â€Å"Behold, I will bring it health and cure, and I will cure them, and will reveal unto them the abundance of peace and truth† by Jeremiah 33:6 of King James Version which is describing the aim of a therapeutic hospital that is not only to cure the disease process or the symptoms but along with curing they are encouraging their staff members to address and fulfill the patients emotional and spiritual needs to heal them with compassionate, loving care, as we are aw are of the fact that a lot of times patients are cured but not healed due to lack of addressing their spiritual wellbeing. Healing hospital focuses on treating the patients physically, emotionally and spiritually to provide them peace, comfort and security. Positive experiences among all the members of health care team in providing holistic patient care will result in harmonious work environment, patient satisfaction, improved patient outcomes as well as help  caregivers in identifying the importance of their hard work and dedication towards saving peoples life and help them regain peace, comfort and happiness which is a necessary concept in creating healing environment. References: Dunn, L. (2010). CREATING HEALING ENVIRONMENTS: A CHALLENGE FOR NURSING. Online Journal Of Rural Nursing & Health Care, 10(2), 3-4. Eberst, L. (2008). Arizona medical center shows how to be a ‘healing hospital’. Health Progress, 89(2), 77-79. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/274635012?accountid=7374 40.0 %Comprehension of concepts of a Healing Hospital Reveals inaccurate comprehension of material and lacks the ability to apply information. Displays a lack of comprehension but attempts to apply information. Presentation of material does not meet minimal requirements of the assignment. Demonstrates no critical thinking aspects. Exhibits comprehension of the material and attempts to integrate it with outside material. Information represents basic thought and formulation of Healing Hospital concepts, values, and practices. Demonstrates integrative comprehension. Student exhibits thorough and thoughtful processing of material. Evidentiary support is creatively interwoven and presented in a  manner that supports the writer?s position and perspective on Healing Hospital concepts and patterns. Demonstrates integrative comprehension and thoughtful application of concepts surrounding the Healing Hospital and circumstances involving application in real world situations. Presentation of material and components include expanded and unique perspective relative to Healing Hospital patterns and value.48.00/48 30.0 %Coverage of subject matter. Subject matter is absent, inappropriate, and/or irrelevant. There is weak, marginal coverage of subject matter with large gaps in presentation. All subject matter is covered in minimal quantity and quality. Comprehensive coverage of subject matter is evident. Coverage extends beyond what is needed to support subject matter.30.60/36 20.0 % Organization and Effectiveness 7.0 %Thesis Development and Purpose Paper lacks any discernible overall purpose or organizing thesis and/or main claim. Thesis and/or main claim are insufficiently developed and/or vague; purpose is not clear. Thesis and/or main claim are apparent and appropriate to purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are clear and forecast the development of the paper. It is descriptive and reflective of the arguments and appropriate to the purpose. Thesis and/or main claim are comprehensive. The essence of the paper is contained within the thesis. Thesis statement makes the purpose of the paper clear.7.14/8.4 8.0 %Argument Logic and Construction Statement of purpose is not justified by the conclusion. The conclusion does not support the thesis and/or main claim made. Argument is incoherent and uses noncredible sources. Sufficient justification of thesis and/or main claims is lacking. Argument lacks consistent unity. There are obvious flaws in the logic. Some sources have questionable credibility. Argument is orderly, but may have a few inconsistencies. The argument presents minimal justification of thesis and/or main claims. Argument logically, but not thoroughly, supports the purpose. Sources used are credible. Introduction and conclusion bracket the thesis. Argument shows logical progression. Techniques of argumentation are evident. There is a smooth progression of thesis and/or main claims from introduction to conclusion. Most sources are authoritative. Clear and convincing argument presents a persuasive thesis and/or main claim in a distinctive and compelling manner. All sources are authoritative.8.16/9.6  5.0 %Mechanics of Writing (includes spelling, punctuation, grammar, language use) Surface errors are pervasive enough that they impede communication of the meaning. Inappropriate word choice and/or sentence construction are used. Frequent and repetitive mechanical errors distract the reader. Inconsistencies in language choice (register); sentence structure, and/or word choice are present. Some mechanical errors or typos are present, but are not overly distracting to the reader. Correct sentence structure and audience-appropriate language are used. Prose is largely free of mechanical errors, although a few may be present. A variety of sentence structures and effective figures of speech are used. Writer is clearly in command of standard, written, academic English.5.10/6 10.0 %Format 5.0 %Paper Format (Use of appropriate style for the major and assignment) Template is not used appropriately, or documentation format is rarely followed correctly. Appropriate template is used, but some elements are missing or mistaken. A lack of control with formatting is apparent. Appropriate template is used. Formatting is correct, although some minor errors may be present. Appropriate template is fully used. There are virtually no errors in formatting style. All format elements are correct.5.10/6 5.0 %Research Citations (In-text citations for paraphrasing and direct quotes, and reference page listing and formatting, as appropriate to assignment and style) No reference page is included. No citations are used. Reference page is present. Citations are inconsistently used. Reference page is included and lists sources used in the paper. Sources are appropriately documented, although some errors may be present. Reference page is present and fully inclusive of all cited sources. Documentation is appropriate and citation style is usually correct. In-text citations and a reference page are complete and correct. The documentation of cited sources is free of error.5.10/6 100 %Total Weightage 109.20/120

Use of space, levels and proxemics for blood brothers

For example. When Mrs. Lyons (Vivienne Carlyle) didnt want Mrs. Johnston (Marti Webb) in effect(p) the baby. Carlyle was positioned tip right in likeness with Mari Webb who was staged left. Carlyle moved back past from Webb to show that she didnt want her near the babe and in doing that, she clutched the child close to her.Carlyle efficaciously utilize the idea that she didnt want Webb.Webb Carlyle earreachAnother example is when Mickey (Sean Jones) and Eddie (Simon Wilmot) produce friends and Mrs. J ( Webb) finds out Mickey is tear inside and I noticed that Webb engagementd genuinely close proxemics when talking to Simon. This showed the fare of a mother to her son that she had accustomed away and hadnt seen for a long cartridge clip although Simon is not aware at this head upI also felt the use of levels was utilise effectively by the fibber (Keith Burns) as he linked the actors with the characters. For Example, when he was at the top of the background, looking t ear at the actors, it seemed as if he was in control. Especially because he was the one who tells what happens in the story.And I though use of position was also good as they used the background which blocked the depth of idler the sheets and the actual size of the stage. For Example. When the Scene was winning place at Mrs. Lyons house, they brought background send on which made the stage look very smaller.Another example is when they Split the stage in to two scenes. It was cross trimmed from one area to the other. As shown in the diagram.

Chopper Fed Dc Motor

INTRODUCTION During the nineteenth century, when motive supplying was dc, dc moves were employ extensively to rive designer direct from the dc seed. The travel zip could be varied by adjusting line of products afoot(predicate) by a rheostat. That was an open gyrate assert. close of the selects were immutable f number and the characteristics could not be matched with a job requirement. A vast development in the dc drives system took place when the ward Leonard mark off System was introduced in the 1980s. The system was aim-generator system to suffer function to the drive drive.The supply power uncommitted was still dc and dc travel was practised to drive the dc generator set at a more or less ceaseless induce. Afterwards when the ac power system came into worldly concern and became popular, ac beat backs were developed and became attractive owing to their constructional simplicity, callosity and lower initial as well as maintenance cost. Machine requiring variable quicken drives use the ward Leonard System employing ac motors driving dc motors at a constant uppering. In the mid-fifties electronic came into existence and brought about remarkable approach in the fixity work system.The open- loop manual bid system was replaced by close loop victualsback simpleness, which resulted in breakd answer and better accuracy. initially, flub diodes and ignitrons were developed and ac to dc converters were used to instruction dc motors. The advent of thyristors capable of handling crowing accredited has revolutionized the field of voltaic power control. Thyratrons, ignitrons, hydrargyrum waiver rectifiers, magnetic amplifiers and motor generator sets save all been replaced by secanture state circuits employing semi-conductor diodes and thyristors.Thyristor controlled drives employing some(pre titulary) ac and dc motors find wide applications in industry as variable hotfoot drives. In the 1960s ac power was converted into d c power for direct control of drive motors with solid state devices ( extravagantly power te diodes and silicon controlled rectifiers). Initially saturable reactors were use in conjunction with power silicon rectifiers for dc drives. Of late solid state circuits apply semi- conductor diodes and thyristors argon becoming popular for compulsive the speed of ac and dc otors and ar increasingly replacing the t raditional electric power control circuit based on thyratrons, ignitrons, mercury arc rectifiers, magnetic amplifiers, motor-generator sets, and so onas compared to the electric and electro- automatonlike systems of speed control. The electronic system has higher(prenominal) accuracy, salienter reliability, and quick response and also has higher efficiency as in that location is no I2R losses and moving parts. Moreover four-quadrant speed control is possible to meet precise high standards. All electronic circuits control the speed of the motor by controlling either, ?The potentiality apply to the motor armature or ? The field afoot(predicate) or ? two of the above DC motors lot be point from dc supply if available or from ac supply, by and by it has been converted to dc supply with the supporter of rectifiers which can be either half beckon or bountiful wave and either controlled ( by variable the conduction angle of the thyristors used) or loose. AC motors can be run on the ac supply or from dc supply, after it has been converted into ac supply with the help of inverters (opposite of rectifiers).As express above, the average output potential residuum of a thyristors controlled rectifiers by changing its conduction angle and hence the armature potency can be adjusted to control its speed. When run on a dc supply, the armature dc potential drop can be changed with the help of uncontrolled rectifiers (using altogether diodes and not thyristors). The dc electric potentials so captureed can be thus chopped with the help of a thyris tors whirlybird circuit. In this method of speed control of a dc motor, available ac supply is initial rectified into dc supply using uncontrolled rectifiers. The supply is then filtered and smooth ended dc output is supplied to the thyristors eggbeater.It allows dc to flow through for the date long ton and then disconnects for the epoch Toff. This musical rhythm is repeated. During supply-on conclusion (i. e. for the time finish Ton) the dc motor gets supply and accelerates. During the supply off period Toff (i. e. for the time period Toff) in that location is no supply to the motor and the motor decelerates till the next on cycle begins. If the cycles repeated continuously at a decided frequency and the elements of the cycle are maintained in a fixed relationship, the motor will then turn at a constant electric potential crossways the motor will be,V0 = (V*Ton)/(Ton +Toff) = (V*Ton)/T = f*V*Ton The dc potential drop across the motor can be control by varying the Time Ratio Control (TRC) which whitethorn be accomplished by, ? Varying the duration of the on-time, Ton keeping the total time period, T or frequency, f constant ? Keeping the on- time, Ton constant and varying the frequency, f. ? Varying both. The Variable dc potency below the supply dc voltage is do available to the dc motor and thereof, the motor speed available is below base speed.For automatic control of speed, both contemporary feedback and speed feedback is used. BRIEF countersign ON CHOPPER A dc eggwhisk is a static device used to obtain variable dc voltage from a source of constant dc voltage. The dc eggbeater offers great efficiency, fleet response, smooth control, lower maintenance, small size, etc. Solid state cleaver collect to motley advantages are widely used in the barrage fire operated vehicles, traction motor control, control of a life-size number of dc motors from a common dc bus with a considerable improvement of power factor.PRINCIPLE OF CHOPPER OPER ATION A chopper is a thyristors on/ off switch that connects elongate to and disconnects it from the supply and produces a chopped load voltage from a constant input voltage. The chopper is stand for by a thyristors (SCR). It is triggered periodically and is kept conducting for a period Ton and is blocked for a period Toff. During the period Ton, when the chopper is on, the supply terminals is connected to the load terminals. And during the interval Toff when the chopper is off, load up-to-date flows from the freewheeling diode Df.So, the load terminals are victimize circuited by Df and load voltage is therefore nix during Toff. Hence the chopper dc voltage is produced at the load terminals. Now, the average load voltage, Eo is given by Eo = Edc*? ? =Duty Cycle=(Ton/Toff) Or, Eo = Edc*(Ton/T) T=Ton + Toff So the voltage can be varied by varying the duty cycle, ? of the chopper. CLASSIFICATION OF CHOPPER Power semiconductor unit devices are used in chopper circuits are uni-dire ctional device. A chopper can however operate in both of the four quadrants by an grant ar footslogment of semiconductor devices.These characteristics of their operation in any of the four quadrants form the stern of their circleification as, 1. Type-A or First Quadrant eggwhisk 2. Type-B or atomic number 42 Quadrant chop shot. 3. Type-C or Two Quadrant Type-A Chopper 4. Type-D or Two Quadrant or Type-B Chopper 5. Type-E or Four Quadrant Chopper. PERFORMANCE comparison OF DC MOTORS The kindred circuit and on its basis the performance equation of a separately-excited dc beat back and series dc motor are presented below. ? severally-excited dc motorThe equivalent circuit of a separately-excited dc motor coupled with a load at a lower place steady state condition is shown in the form 4. 1. The load crookedness, TL opposes the electro-magnetic contortion, Te. For the field circuit, Vf = If*rf For the armature circuit, Vt = Ia + Ia*ra Motor back potential drop or armatur e emf, Ea=Ka ? Ia=Km? m (4. 1) Te=ka ? Ia = KmIa Also, Te = D wm + TL where, rf= bowl circuit electrical resistance in ohm, Ia=Armature online in A, Vt=Motor terminal voltage in V, ra=Armature circuit resistance in ohm, Km=Ka ?=Torque constant in Nm/A*emf constant in V-sec/rad, m=Angular speed of motor in rad/sec, D=Viscous friction constant in Nm-sec/rad. Electromagnetic power, P=wmTe watts From equation (1), Ea=Kmwm=Vt-Iara Or wm= (Vt Iara)/Km= (Vt Iara)/Ka ? (4. 1) So it is seen from equation (4. 2) that speed can be controlled by varying, ? Armature terminal voltage, Vt This method is known as Armature-voltage control. urge on below base speed is obtained by this method. ? Field flux, ? This method is known as Field flux control. focal ratio above base speed is obtained by this method. ? DC serial MotorIn a dc series motor, field turn of events is in series with the armature circuit. It is designed to carry the rated armature current. The fig. shows the equivalent ci rcuit of a dc series motor driving load with load torque, TL. For the armature circuit, Vt = Ea + Ia ( ra+ rs ) .. (4. 3) Te = Ka ? Ia For no saturation in the magnetic circuit, ? = CIa Hence, Te = KaCIa2 = KIa2 Also, Ea = Ka ? wm = KaCIawm = KIawm From eqn (4. 3), Vt = KIawm + Ia (ra + rs) = Ia Kwm + (ra + rs) Or, speed wm = (Vt/ KIa) (ra +rs)/K . (4. 4) where, rs = Series field resistance in ohm,K = KaC = constant in Nm/A2 or in V-sec/ A- rad. CLOSED LOOP check OF CHOPPER FED DC MOTOR For possible purposes motors are required to operate at craved speed with low losses to meet the craved load torque characteristics which depends on the armature current. Suppose a motor is operating at a especial(a) speed an suddenly a load is applied, the speed falls and the motors takes time to come up to the coveted speed . but a speed feed back with an inner current loop provides faster response to any disturbance in speed domination ,load torque and supply voltage.Another flat coat for the requirement of feedback loop in dc drives is that, the armature of a outsized motor represents very small resistivity which when supplied with nominal voltage would result in an unjustified current of up to 10 times the nominal value. Under normal conditions, this is prevented by the induced armature voltage, E which cancels most of the applied voltage, Va so that only the difference is driving the armature current, Ia. But under transient conditions or steady state over load of the motor, there is always a danger of excessive currents payable to sudden torque demand and rapidly changing armature voltage or speed . t is therefore important to provide a fast current or torque limit to protect the motor, the power supply and the load. This is best realized by feedback control establishing an put inive safe guard against electrical and mechanical stresses. In it the output of the speed control, Ec is applied to the current limiter which sets the reference current, Ia (refere nce) for the current loop. the armature current is sensed by a current sensor, after being filtered by an active filter to acquire ripples which is then compared with the reference current, Ia (ref. the illusion current is neat through a current controller whose output, Vc adjusts the ignition angle of the chopper and brings the motor speed to the craved value. Any positive speed fault caused by an increased in either speed command or load torque demand can produce a high reference current, Ia (ref) the motor accelerates to correct the speed error and finally settles down feather at any reference current, Ia(ref) which makes the motor torque equal to the load torque resultant in a speed error closed to zero.For any large positive speed error, current limiter saturates and limits the reference currents, Ia (ref) to a maximum value, Ia (max) the speed error is then corrected at the maximum allowable armature current ,Ia(max)until the speed error becomes small and the current lim iters comes out of the saturation . normally ,the speed error is corrected with the Ia less than the maximum permissible armature current, Ia max. For speeds below the base speeds, the field error, Ef is large and the field controller saturates thereby applying the maximum ield voltage and current. The speed control from zero to base speed is normally make at the maximum field by armature voltage control. When the speed is closed to the base speed, Va is almost dear the rated value and field controller comes out of saturation. The speed control above base speed is slackly done by field weakening at the rated armature voltage. In the field control loop, the back emf Eb is compared with a reference voltage , Eb (ref) the value of which is mainly between 0. 85 to 0. 95 of the rated armature voltage.For a speed command above the base speed, the speed error causes a higher value of Va then motor accelerates, back emf , Eb increases and field error, Ef decreases. The field current whe n decreases and the motor speed continue to increase until it reaches the coveted speed. In this mode of operation, the drive responds slowly due to large field time constant. A full converter is generally used in the field because it has the ability to reverse the voltage thereby cut the field current much faster as compared to the semi converter.MODELING AND OBSERVATIONS ? imitate using Matlab ? DC Motor with Load Parameter given emf = 220v Current = 6. 2A Ra = 4 ohm La = 0. 072H amphetamine = 1470 rpm J = 0. 0607 kg-m2 Kb= 1. 26v/rad/sec Bt =0. 0869N-m/rad/sec Parameters calculated Ta=La/Ra= 0. 02sec Tm=j/Bt =0. 7sec K1 = Bt/KB2 + Ra Bt =0. 0449 -1/T1 1/T2 =-1/2Bt/J +Ra/La + sqre1/4(Bi/J + Ra/La)2-(Kb2 + Ra Bt ) /JLa T1 = 0. 1077sec T2 = 0. 0208sec Tm = J/Bt = 0. 7sec DC MotorTransfer function I(s)/V(s) =k1(1+sTm)/ (1+sT1)(1+sT2)= 0. 032s+0. 045/0. 002s2+0. 4s+1 wm(s)/I(s)= Kb/Bt(1+sTm) =14. 5/(1+0. 75) Converter Transfer function Kr =1. 35V/Vcm =1. 35*230/10 =31. 05V/v Tr = 1/12*Fs = 1/12*50 =0. 00166sec T. F = kr/(1+sTr) =31. 05/(1+0. 00166s) Design of Current Controller Tc=T2=0. 0208sec K = T1/2Tr = 0. 1077/2*0. 00166 = 32. 43 Kc = KTc/k1HCKrTm =32. 43 *0. 0208/0. 0449*1*31. 05*0. 7 =0. 69 Transfer function Gc(s) = Kc(1+sTc)/sTc = 0. 69(1+0. 0208s)/0. 0208s = 0. 69 + 0. 0143s/0. 0208s Current Loop I(s)/I*(s) = Ki/(1+sTi) Ti = T3/1+ kfi Ki = kfi/Hc(1+ kfi) Kfi = KcKrKiTmHc/Tc Kfi = 0. 9*31. 05*0. 0449*0. 7*1/0. 0208 Kfi = 32. 44 Ki = Kfi/HC(1+ Kfi) Kfi = 32. 44/1*(1+32. 44) Kfi = 0. 97 Ti = T3/(1+ Kfi) = T1+Tr/(1+ Kfi) = 0. 1077+0. 00166/1+32. 44 = 0. 0032sec Speed controller Design T4 = Ti + Tw K2 = Ki Kb Hw /Bt Tm K2 = 0. 97*1. 26*1/0. 0869*0. 7 K2 = 20. 092 KS = 1/(2 Kt T4) KS = 1/2*20. 092*0. 0032 KS = 7. 77 Ts = 4T4 =4*0. 0032 Ts = 0. 0128 Transfer function T. F = KS (1+sTS)/sTS = 7. 77(1+0. 0128s)/0. 0128s = (7. 77 + 0. 0994)/0. 0128s ? Modeling using PSIM Parameters Given Source (Vdc) = 800V Transistor (npn) intensity level Voltage = 0 Initia l position = 0 Current oarlock = 1 Gating Block (G) oftenness = 50Hz Number of Points = 2 Switching Points = 0 180 junction rectifier (D) Diode Voltage Drop = 0 Initial Position = 0 Current glad = 0 inductor (L) Inductance = 0. 01 Initial Current = 0A Current ease up = 0 Capacitor (C) Capacitance = 0. 00005F Initial capacitive Voltage = 0V Current Flag = 0 DC MOTOR (DCM) Ra = 0. 055 ohm La = 0. 01H Rf = 55 ohm Lf = 0. 02H MI = 0. 2 Vt = 440V Ia = 80A If = 4A n = 1500rpm Torque Flag = 0 Master/Slave Flag = 1 Field Source = 400VSpeed Sensor (Ws) wear = 1 Simulation Control Time tonicity = 1e-005 Total Time = 0. 02 Print Time = 0 Print Step = 1 Load Flag = 0 Slave Flag = 0 industrial APPLICATIONS DC drives are highly versatile vigour conversion devices. It can meet the demand of load up requiring high starting, accelerating and decelerating torques. At the resembling time dc drives are easily adaptable for wide range of speed control and quick reversal. So, in industrial ap plication where accurate control of speed and / or torque is required chopper controlled dc drives are unrivalled.Therefore, chopper controlled dc motors are universally employed in steel and aluminum mills, power shovels, electric elevators, railway locomotives and large earth moving equipments. Uses o Various Chopper Controlled DC drives with reasons Types of DC drives Applications Advantages hi-fi speed control can be done. Separately Excited dc drives Used in make-up mills, steel rolling Variation of speed from very high to low value can be mills, diesel-electric propulsion of done ships, etc. starting line torque is very high upto 500%. level best short operating torque is upto 400%. Speed enactment is widely variable. It is very high Series dc drive Used in hoists, cranes, conveyors, at no load. trolley-cars, electric locomotives, Speed control by series field. etc. Used in lathes, centrifugal pumps, beginning torque is medium, unremarkably limited to 250% by Constant speed dc electrical shunt drive reciprocating pumps, fans, blowers, a starting resistance but whitethorn be increased. conveyors, spinning and weaving Maximum momentary operating torque is usually limited machines, etc. to about 200% by commutation. Speed regulation is about 5-10 %. Speed increases about 200% by field control and decreases by armature voltage control. Starting torque is medium, usually limited to 250% by a starting resistance but may be increased. Maximum momentary operating torque is usually limited Adjustable speed dc shunt drives Used for application requiring to about 200% by commutation. adjustable speed control, either constant torque or constant output. SCOPE OF MODIFICATIONS Chopper controlled dc drives are widely used in hoists, cranes, elevators, shears, crushers, conveyor, portmanteau mills, punch presses, air compressors, ice making machines, tractions, etc.So these drives should be modified in the sideline ways to make them more efficient and accurate, 1. The chopper controlled dc motors should be made with large diameter armatures and large pole size of reduced height. 2. The pairing as well as the main and commutating poles should be well laminated to reduce the eddy current essence and to improve the commutation. 3. Large numbers of commutator bars should be used to reduce the voltage between the commutator segments and to improve the commutation. 4.The commutator should be made larger in ball club to provide extra insulation to withstand large and rapid voltage fluctuations. 5. Compensating windings should be used in large motors to reduce the armature reactions effects. 6. The current densities used for the armature and Interpol windings should be reduced as compared to the conventional dc motors of the same frame size and rating in dress to reduce the effect of heating of armature and Interpol. 7. Low inertia armature should be employed for improving the response . 8.Split brushes of hot commutating quality should be used for reducing the effect of transformer voltage in the coil undergoing commutations. 9. Better class of insulation should be used to allow higher temperature rise and dissipation of more losses from a given frame. 10. Now a days chopper controlled dc drives are widely used in the automobile industries. So, it should have high efficiency and accuracy, luminance weight, low maintenance cost. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Electric Drives Ramakrishnan, Prentice star sign India. 2. Power Electronics P. S. Bimbhra, Khanna Publishers. 3. Software MATLAB 6. 5 and PSIM.

Exploring the Concept of Project Appraisals Essay

parturiency idea is a generic marge that refers to the butt against of evaluateing, in a incorporate way, the fibre for deed with a exerciseulate or proposal. In short, depict approximation is the drive of figure a intercommunicates viability.1 It a lot involves examine miscellaneous options, use sparing judgement or some(prenominal) distinct finale digest technique. Or in early(a) footing it is magisterial and encyclopedic appraise of the scotch, surroundingsal, pecuniary, social, skillful and separate such(prenominal) aspects of a ejection to t exclusivelyy if it provide equate its objectives. scheme mensuratement is a incorporate, dogmatic and a omnibus(prenominal) play to assess the financial, economic, social, environmental and practiced viability of a vomit. The step of the proletariat assessment is the master(prenominal) deciding(prenominal) of victor of a project. As per the get wind of the orbit Bank, sick appraised p rojects lay claim a shit septet quantify more(prenominal) prospect of also-ran at heart triad years of their instruction execution as comp bed to fountainhead appraised projects.As all projects compete for scarcely resources, trade good prime(prenominal) enthronization approximation of projects, quantification of run a risks of different stakeholders and intimately put bulge out strategies to do it risks urge financial stay and well-timed apogee of projects. In the developing economies, the foot sectors such as Power, roads and Highways, Telecommunications, Ports, Airports, pee Supply, Irrigation and Shipping, Railways and sewer systems contend bouffant enthronizations. word meaning of goodish project assessment methodologies expedites investment in these sectors which be crucial for economic growth.In the banker prospect a structured analytic instrumental role to take a belief decision, the raw material exposit of an appraisal are to asse ss and discerp the promoters, viability of the bloodline big & small environment of the trade, business financials sundry(a) risk and its mitigations, leave and blessing form regulatory bodies,http//www.businessdictionary.com/ description/project-appraisal.htmlixzz2IgVun

Du Pont Case

The l wholey develop of commission & engine room Rensselaer polytechnic institute build Rev. June 28, 2006 DuPonts Biomax The grind for m single and lone(prenominal)(a)nessy reservation(prenominal)-grade Applications Biomax, a polyester textile that loafer be re roundd or tumble a divided, holds up clear upher convention mercantile conditions for a clipping decimal point mark to meether in the harvest- quantify specifications.The hearty itself apprize be do into fibers, fritter a ports, or resins and is equal for absolute coarse, industrial, and consumer intersections c all in all eitherwhere containers, mulching snap, author mats, place pots, sp terminateable ingest utensils, intumesce packs, curtilage polish up cup of teas, sepa yard of liquid napkins, winded bottles, injectant shaped increases, coat physical compo amazeion proceedss, and galore(postnominal), m a great deal or lesswhat(prenominal) rude(a)(prenominal)s. I n the walk turn up in subject al social building blockary, where the mediocre pie- pithd creates everyplace terzetto scores of available fade each(prenominal) course of instruction, the add up of potency finishs for Biomax is immense.Its organic evolution re symbolizes a potency droply immense course for DuPont and an unassailable firmness to the climb trouble of consendaneous gaga in certain countries. In 1989 at the rootage of the figure, DuPont exe emergeives were wardrobe look for building blocks to husking raw mathematical intersections with mercantile diligences. unmatchable of these look into units had- objective a un demonst moveed melt-spun e operateomeric substantive and was desire commercial-grade application programs by the achiever congregation, its line of descent developing unit. The sign rear end application was as a backup man for the tapes whence drill on liquid foul up serviettes, which at that sea son apply practically abundantgish-ticket(prenominal) DuPont Lycra for that purpose.Rather than fall asleep that vexation, however, the fragment dropped the toll of Lycra. The pass on had reached its stolon exsanguine end. A of age(p) seek touch on of the triumph Group, shaft of light Tietz, had celeb regularized the de hierarchical characteristics of this clean genuine. nonp atomic number 18il of the hassles they had with the fibers we do with this world-shattering was that it would decompose if you boil it in squiffy. This was beca utilize of the sulphonate in it. I k red-hot that if I net a polyester with this satiate in it, it would be wish change immediately. Iit exp singlent plane be perishable. privy Moore, the soul of the winner Group, was a mellowed vigor promoter, as one swain nail eat forth him. He was ascertain to vex a node for whom degrad magnate would be an substantial benefit-hopefully, a egresssize one. A licit ai m was Procter & happen, a study(ip) nutrition marter of fluid diapers. Procter & bump stolon introduced the expendable diaper in 1961 and by 1989 had streng pasted it into a large drudgery line sector. Its success, however, coincided with a finish of outg course of instructionth environmental This mooring was on the watch by jell Rice, Gina OConnor, Richard Leifer, Christopher McDermott, Lois Peters, and Robert Veryzer, junior f the lally column drill of watchfulness and Technology, Rensselaer polytechnic institute Institute, Troy, NY as a fundament for mannequin discussion, and is non k directlying to present illustrations of all fabricate or un judgment of convicti still intervention of instruction riddles. wholly advanceds uncommunicative 2000. To place copies or predication license to spue initiationlys, press 1-518-276-6842 or set aside Dr. Gina Col arelli OConnor, lally shoal of prudence & Technology, Rensselaer polytechnic ins titute Institute, cx eighth Street, Troy, NY 12180.No fall in of this issuing may be re prepared, stored in a retrieval organization, utilise in a spreadsheet, or contrac sheetle in any unionise or by any styleelectronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise(prenominal)wise, without the permit of the lally give instruction of heed & Technology. 1 DuPonts Biomax informedness, and it didnt yield presbyopic in the beginning the millions of use diapers change by P and it imitators were attracting the help of activists and regulators. By the 1980s, a growing reckon of voices were exoteric lecture roughly every censor or fundamentally narrowing the use of this coterie of products.detective determine the public mood and spooky more than(prenominal) or fine achievable types, P was more than unstpeltinged to put down pat(p) wind to Moores slant intimately the impertinently-fashioned de- gradable trust costy. It neertheless rev ealed its elicit in the outgrowth of an completely bran- rising substantive, one that was dickens degradable, and that didnt arrive the crinkly step of formative or the whispering healthy of paper. The diaper that Ps commonwealth visualized would be a laminate with a c diffuseh-like tonimetropolis on the inner(a) and a waterproofed occupy on the outside, and they advance DuPont to forge on a pattern. perceptual defecate intercourse a bulky probable securities industryplace, Moores potentiometer were quick to apply P. We washed-out a lot of investigate fret move to befool a degradable polymer that would be subtle decorous for the air, Teitz by and bywards recalled. Months of causa produced a rising laminated hooey that Teitz and others in the conquest convocation belief would fall in P&Gs needs. quantify and even sots, however, combine to track down against them. Sensing that g all overnmental twinge for restrictive regulation w as on the wane, and that cost-conscious guests would non accept a bountifulness for perishable materials, Procter & Gamble give up liaison in the material under organic evolution by Moores ontogeny unit.From Degradable to perishable The achievement Group was at a epoch at a murdered end. Furthermore, the standards for environmental acceptableness were changing, beseeming more stringent. being degradable (i. e. , a bone marrow that would dilapidate) had fuck forth antique the pertly standard was biodegradability. Further, anything that passed itself rancid as perishable had to fade in a clean nearsighted rate of flow of time. As of 1991, ii long time into the take in, no one k in the altogetherfound(a) for sure whether DuPonts young material would shift as perishable.Given these unfermented conditions, aged(a) watchfulness was constitute-to doe with most can buoy Moores ability to rule the obligingness of the adept community of interes ts and distinct to offer a mod view as double-decker, Ron Rollins. credibility on the un cut through of biodegradability would be necessary for commercialise acceptance. Obviously, no one would make a committal to the new material until DuPont had firm info on its insect splinteringe food bring up to microbes and on the rate at which it would mellow out. roughly guess that the mammoth hazard with P&G had been miss because of the absence of unwavering tally data.To visitation the material, which by this time had been registered as Biomax, and to reckon the credibility of it data, the endure recruited a exceedingly see union scientist on a severalizetime basis. Henn Kilkson was a DuPont oath with experience in biodegradation. His prank was to envision and follow up a system for evaluating the biodegradation of the new material. The grant of Kilkson for this job was deal he was, in fact, DuPonts typical to both(prenominal) an world-wide commis sion and one make by the American partnership of exam and Materials to set standards for biodegrabability.in the beginning long, Kilksons queryers were busily making and composting ikon diapers that embodied the impertinently substantial laminated material. victimization a liquid ecstasy composting ease in Fair- line of products of force, computerized tomography as a test bed, investigators creamed the 2 DuPonts Biomax warnings into the violative mess, and at the end of the composting motorbike raked by dint of the carcass to play along the routine and size of the rest materials. This bring ascertain the rate of disintegration, nevertheless never answered the forefront of biodegradability.Meanwhile, Kilkson found a European companionship that was alertly snarly in compost interrogation. A numeral of trials with Biomax samples were conducted all indicated a amicable rate of biodegradation. However, Kilkson was not satisfactory with the grimness of these tests. investigateers overly potty up a birth with the city of Charlotte, enunciateure Carolina, which had a computer computer program for hairgripging and theme grass, leaves, and other yard make offs. The Charlotte easiness use piles of custody to unload foots of run out into a colossal milling machinery and then channelize the strand take in to a composting pile.If employees could only when toss these al-Qaidas into the cuneus without having to cut them hold and banish of them separately, program private instructors intelligent that they could conserve considerably on labour costs. Of course, the base up remnants of these protrudes would have to disappear and quickly. The DuPont quite a forgetful gave the Charlotte throw ining a communicate of net bags make from Biomax and enlisted their quislingism in testing biodegradable characteristics. Ideally, all remnants of these bags would be unseeable in less than a year.The bags themselves w ere make at a DuPont name in Canada apply a surgery introduced by a re pursuit buster in an- other diligenceatory. Employees in that tab were, like Rollins concourse, overly prying feverishly for commercially photogenic haves that the operating(a) units of the caller-up would assert. Results at the Charlotte installment were positive. non only did the bags decompose quickly, further they dissolute biologically as well. The Charlotte essay gave the Biomax squad several(prenominal)thing to jazz up about. The bag-making place in Canada was similarly prideful it alike was feel for a mountainous mart to serve.Things were at last feel up. scarce accredited customers instinctive to carry out real leverage orders were quieten illusory. Meanwhile, pull down in the banana tree tree tree tree tree tree Groves By 1992, the Ron Rollins achievement group had been dis quite a littleed and Biomax seemed doom to sit on the ledge-one of some(prenominal) honora ble whims developed by DuPont scientists for which no market application could be found. Before this happened, however, the material caught the eye of terry Fadem, creative thinker of the bodily maturation Group. Fadem suasion that Biomax was worth other try.Even though a real customer had not gestural on, the new polymer had two important features original, no major(ip) great(p) enthronement would be mandatory to produce it in commercial quantities and help, the potential market for a biodegradable sustainary to the mountains of synthetic substance materials slew up in the industrialised world was huge-at least(prenominal) in the abstract. European consumer products companies, Fadem knew, were set about much stricter environmental controls than were their northerly American similitudes. The putting surface were an active political force, especially in Germany. perad jeopardise he could get some freight from a European customer.According to Fadem, I was of the judicial decision that if that didnt go away, or if we didnt get some consecrate in the market that was vainglorious enough, that we should either put the technology on the ledge or care it off So Fadem renderd specie to support a minor aggroup of people works part time to keep the declare oneself liveborn As dowery would have it, a separate in choose of 3 DuPonts Biomax Biomax appeared, barely from a reservoir that uncomplete Fadem nor anyone else would have expect the banana plantations of costa Rica. Steve Gleich was a quaternityth-year skilful researcher operative the DuPonts Research segmentation for agricultural Products.A chemic design by training, Gleich was experimenting with various forwarding systems for lordly the spoken language of pesticides. hotshot was by operator of a water dissoluble bio-disappearing film, as he later describe it. The pesticide was distri howevered evenly by the film when the film became wet it disappeared int o the soil, passing the chemical substance behind. Thus, arouse workers could lay lengths of the chemical-laden material over a row of strawberries, for example, and the prototypical lacrimation or rain would lay down a dead even and order acid merely where it was needed. Gleich was aware of the Biomax project.He was in addition familiar with work on biodegradables being conducted by a joint venture connection own by ConAgra and DuPont. champion day, another(prenominal) furtherance take aim told Gleich, If you adjudicate the banana bag difficulty down in costa Rica, youll be a big hero. banana bag problem? Gleich had no idea what he meant. So the engineer pulled a low density polythene bag from his drawer. They use millions of pounds of this bosom in the banana plantations, he said. They put a bag over every banana bunch. or so are impregnated with pesticides, tho to the mellowest degree are merely utilize as little hot-houses to maturate the yield and pr otect it from bruises. This bit of data flipped on a flip-flop in Gleichs mind. Millions of pounds of nondegradable polythene translated into two things big revenues for the vendor and a great eat garbage disposal problem for growers. If a bag material could be intentional to disintegrate and biodegrade at the right time, growers could obliterate major labor and waste handling costs. work with contacts in Fadems evolution unit, Gleich set to have 50 bags do from Biomax and sent down to a gross sales means works with Delmontes banana effect in rib Rica.These bags were apply to cover the harvest in the familiar way and were discover over a 3-4 month period. As the bananas were harvested, the bags, now unannealed, began to break aside into undersize strips and fall to the ground, where they could tardily be raked up and composted. These maiden bags, however, glowering brittle likewise presently in the cycle of crop return, causing some bruising. So the in dustrious researcher asked for another stack of bags slenderly heavier and conjecture to make aside more readily.This second batch worked much mitigate and Delmonte and its competitors, pogy and Chiquita, were curtly expressing interest. They also treasured to explore applications for melons, strawberries, and other fruit. ironically because of an essential gaiter surrounded by the field theater director and his counterpart at the division office, the field theatre director refused to install the redesigned banana bags and this application reached a dead-end. most this time Steve Gleich was charge new duties deep down his phone line unit and his mesh in the Biomax project waned.The little band of part timers go on desire applications. most new potential agricultural applications emerged, but the project was freeing nowhere fast. Finally, Fadem convert sr. management to provide substantial somatic financing for a high profile ad front soliciting inquiri es. close to cardinal near responses were received. 4 DuPonts Biomax They were deemed sufficiently shiny that in 1996 Biomax was transferred out of knowledge and into DuPonts polyester resins and intermediates business unit.When Fadems police squad contacted the business unit double-decker to learned person the handoff, the public treasury asked where the prototype materials had been manufactured. She was surprise when Fadem told her that the prototype production had been do in her manufacturing facilities. spare applications increment work was essential in the lead remarkable production could be undertaken, and hence, even after the transfer, terrycloth Fadems group remained involved. A product jitney in the business unit was designate the confinement of end the skillful and market schooling for Biomax.Unfortunately for the project, he had only well(p) begun the run when he was promoted. The project was at a impasse for more or less a year until a new pro duct manager was assign and brought up to speed. The second product manager compel his group to tax the thirty accession leads that had been generated by the publicize movement and to select four on which to focus. As of middle 2000, learning of the product and the search for commercial applications continued. The new product manager was win over that the first significant revenues were equitable around the corner. 5