Effective Communication and Employee Performance Essay

The purpose of the study is to investigate the impact of business communication on organizational performance in organizations. In business, message is conveyed through various channels of communication, including internet, print (publication), radio, television, etc. Whether or not significant change(s) results in the performance of an organization as a result of business communication is yet to be established. This study, therefore, is carried out to investigate the relationship between business communication and organizational performance in organizations using a contextualized and literature based research instrument to measure the application of the investigated â€Å"constructs†. Using the survey method, the study would obtain sample data from 100 small and large manufacturing and service companies. The research instrument would show encouraging evidence of reliability and validity. Data would be analyzed using descriptive statistics, percentages and t- test analysis. The study is to find out that effective business communication is emphasized to a reasonable extent in surveyed organizations. However, the ‘level of emphasize’ is a question of degree. It would also find out the extent of practices of effective business communication, which is related to the category of business (service versus manufacturing) and its size. The research findings would be limited to some extent by the confounding effect of variations within and between industry types of firm and industry sectors, and the use of respondents’ own-assessments of performance. The yet to be established research would be beyond the usual context of developed western economies, and thereby, potentially contains some lessons for practitioners and researchers in other developing countries. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY The enhancement of effective organizational performance largely depends on the manner and way information is transferred and received among members of the organization. Nations communicate among each other through trade, fox relieve in times of natural disaster. Nations disseminate information on political, economic and social issues whiles effective communication has boost the performance of employees tremendously in modern organizations. However, the challenges that organization face in transmitting their information and messages has greatly affected the performance of some organizations in the country. As the ‘live-blood’ of the organization, communication is expected to be clear and brief but comprehensive. This has not been so in many organizations. Therefore impedes on the overall output of the organization in the country. It is rightly said that thaw success of an organization is dependent on the transparency between the team members and clear understanding of ideas between them. Communication is very vital element in business management. Communication is the means by which people in exchange information. According to Chester Barnard, communication is the means by which people are linked together in an organization to achieve a common purpose. The role of the effective communication on performance of an organization starts from the day an employee joins the firm to the time he or she leaves the firm. It is the prime responsibility of the Human Resource department to clearly inform employees the rules and policies of the organization for them to perform well. It is therefore important that the details, and the important deadlines; must be made clear to members concern in an organization to expect better performance. PROBLEM STATEMENT Communication contributes effectively towards the organizational success. This is only done when it is used to perform its key functions of controlling, motivating, emotional expressions and decision making. In organizations, miscommunication is inevitable. Ineffective communication clearly affects a company’s performance leading to a drop in share price. Moreover, effective communication is critical for employee motivation and job satisfaction (kinicki and kreitner 2006) When communication is not effective, the end result is an increase in production time and a decrease in the bottom line. In order to avoid this outcome, effective communication must be in place. (Joey, 2002) Poor communication in workplace is a serious problem and can be costly to an organization. The impact can be devastating to the parties involved. Some of the results include: †¢Loss of business, customers, products, goods and services †¢High employee turnover †¢Loss of productivity, absenteeism, sabotage, injury and accidents, snick leaves etc. This study therefore seeks to identify the impact of ineffective communication on organizational performance and possible ways to address them. PURPOSE OF STUDY The purpose of the study is to explore the implication of ineffective communication on organizations and how to address them. One of the purpose for studying effective communication and organizational performance is to aid in the planning of the organizational activities. Also, find suitable solutions to curb the challenges facing the organizations. In addition to the above, the study would help business organizations to identify specific goals and as it were make sure that the goals are notwithstanding, develop an effective communication strategy for meeting those goals and verifying that the proposed strategy actually matches the laid down goals. OBJECTIVES The study seeks to look at; †¢The nature of communication and organizational performance. †¢Explore the factors responsible for the challenges of effective communication on organizational performance. †¢Find out the implication of ineffective communicational performance †¢The strategies that can be adopted to address the challenges of ineffective e communication organizational performance. RESEARCH QUESTIONS †¢What is the nature of the challenges in communication on organizational performance? †¢What factors are responsible for the challenges of effective communication on organizational performance? †¢What are the implications of ineffective communication on organizational performance? †¢What are the measures that can be used to address the challenges? KEY TERMS †¢Communication †¢Organization †¢Performance Communication This is activity of conveying information through the exchange of thoughts, messages, or information, as by speech, visuals, signals, writing or behavior. Also, it can be defined as the transfer of information from the sender to the receiver which is intended to make a meaning. ORGANIZATION It is the process of identifying and grouping thee work to be performed, defining and delegating responsibility and authority, and establishing relationships for the purpose of enabling people to work effectively in accomplishing objectives. It is the process of diving work into convenient tasks or duties in the form of-posts, of delegating authority to each post, and of appointing qualified staff to be responsible that the work is carried out as planned. PERFORMANCE It is the process for establishing a shared understanding about what is to achieved and how is to achieved, and an approach to managing people that increases the probability of achieving success (Weiss & Haryle, 1997). Performance is an iterative process of goal-setting, communication, observation and evaluation to support, retain and develop exceptional employees for organizational success. STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH Chapter 1: The first chapter of the research talks about the introduction. The introduction involves background of the study, problem statement, aims and objectives, research questions, purpose of study, significance of study, scope of study, operational definition, structure of research and finally the Gant chart. Chapter 2: The chapter 2 also entails the reviewing of literature. The literature review covers the introduction, business communication, role and functions of communication, communication levels, and direction of communication, grapevine communication, communication channels, and barriers both emotional and interpersonal, effects of communication, employee morale and motivation. Chapter 3: Chapter three involves the research methodology. This chapter involves the introduction, research design, and target population, sampling and sampling and sampling technique, data collection procedure, data analysis. Chapter 4: The fourth chapter contains the analysis and interpretation of data. It’s introduction, questionnaire return rate, discussion of findings. Chapter 5: It treats the discussion of results. It’s introduction, summary, conclusion, references, appendices

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Past in Grammar

Definition and Examples of the Habitual Past in Grammar Definition In English grammar, the habitual past is a verb aspect that is used to refer to repeated events in the past. Also called past-habitual aspect or past-repetitive aspect. The habitual past is indicated most frequently by the semi-auxiliary verb used to, the auxiliary would, or the simple past tense of a verb. Examples and Observations She would practice every day until she could hit that mark running, turning, jumping, sideways, or in any form she chose.(Linda Wallace Edwards, The Legend of White Sky. Tate Publishing, 2011)And when most everyone was fast asleep, hed practice every single exercise hed seen demonstrated earlier in the courtyard, feverishly absorbed in the perfection of his art.(Robert Joseph Banfelder, No Stranger Than I. Hudson View Press, 1990)I practiced every day, and if I couldnt find a buddy to play with Id throw the ball against the barn wall and catch it.(Devon Mihesuah, The Lightning Shrikes. Lyons Press, 2004)When I was a kid I used to pray every night for a new bicycle. Then I realized that the Lord doesnt work that way, so I stole one and asked Him to forgive me.(American comedian Emo Philips)i usta wonder who id be when I was a little girl in Indianapolissitting on doctors porches with post-dawn pre-debs(wondering would my aunt drag me to church Sunday) . . . (Nikki Giovanni, Adulthood. The Selected Poems of Nikki Giovanni. William Morrow, 1996) Using Used To (Usta) and Would in the Habitual Past The auxiliary used tocolloquially contracted to ustais employed to signal the past-habitual or past-repetitive aspect, as in: (32a) She used to talk more often​ (32b) He used to visit regularly Unlike progressive aspectual auxiliaries, used to cannot be preceded by other auxiliaries or followed by an -ing marked main verb. Thus compare: (33a) She may keep go ing on and on. (33b) *She may use(d) to go on and on. (33c) *She used (to) going on and on. (33d) She has kept working. (33e) *She has use(d) to work. . . . [M]any of the progressive aspectuals can also code a habitual sense. Thus, when in the past tense, they also code the habitual past. The modal auxiliary would can also be used to render the habitual past. This usage is probably more colloquial: (34a) One would come in and look around and . . . (34b) She would eat two loaves a day . . . (34c) Theyd work real hard for an hour, then quit and . . . There is a subtle semantic difference between used to and would, in that the former implies termination of the past habit, while the latter does not. (Talmy Givà ³n, English Grammar: A Function-Based Introduction. John Benjamins, 1993) Factors Influencing the Choice of Habitual-Past Forms The three main forms used to express habitual past situations in Englishused to, would and the simple pastare often, but not always, interchangeable. Various factors affecting the choice of form have been suggested in the literature, but few empirical investigations have been devoted to all three forms. One exception is a recent study by [Sali] Tagliamonte and [Helen] Lawrence [I Used to Dance . . . in Journal of English Linguistics 28: 324-353] (2000) who examined various factors influencing the choice of habitual form in a corpus of recorded British English conversations. Starting from the observation that the choice of expression is mainly determined by the interaction of two factors, the aktionsart of the verb (stative vs. dynamic) and some contextual indication of time (frequency or past time), they distinguish four basic habitual situations in which one, two, or all three variants seem to be permitted. . . . Using Comries definition to identify habitual situations in their corpus, Tagliamonte and Lawrence found that 70% of the situations were realised by the simple past, 19% by used to, 6% by would and the remaining 5% by various other constructions, such as the progressive form and combinations with verbs like tend to, keep (on), etc. . . . [I]n the situations examined, used to tended to be favored with 1st person subjects, when it occurred initially in a sequence of habitual events in discourse and when it did not occur in a sequence, but was disfavoured in negative clauses, with stative verbs, and with inanimate subjects. Would tended to be favored with 3rd person subjects, in situations of short duration, non-initially in sequences and (weakly) in negative clauses. The simple past tended to be favored in negative clauses, with stative verbs and inanimate subjects, sequence-internally, and (weakly) in situations of short duration and with frequency adverbials. (Bengt Altenberg, Expressing Past Habit in English and Swedish: A Corpus-Based Contrastive Study. Functional Perspectives on Grammar and Discourse: In Honour of Angela Downing, ed. by Christopher S. Butler, Raquel Hidalgo Downing, and Julia Lavid. John Benjamins, 2007)

Symbolic Landscape essays

Symbolic Landscape essays The grand work of art looms before me and I am taken aback by its unusual form, yet struck by its very expressive nature. "Symbolic Landscape" by Diego Rivera definitely makes its powerful presence in the room just as the artist forever made a mark in time as a man who pushed the political and social limits of his time through his art work and murals. Although the painting described in this paper is powerful and makes a bold statement, as many of his works do, it stands quite separated from the others in the ideas that it represents. We can get a good background of this piece by looking to the circumstances in his life that were concerning him at the time of its conception. After an eleven-year marriage to Frida Kahlo, a renowned painter and Mexican icon, they divorce and Rivera is quite saddened. Many call her the love of his life and "Symbolic Landscape" presents a very poetic view of the circumstance through symbols of the natural landscape. The piece itself measures 47 7/8" by 60 1/8" and is wider than it is tall, just as all landscapes are. Emerging from the lower right corner is a fallen tree that almost comes alive as it bends and twists its way into the center of the painting. It takes on the sensuous shape of a woman's torso with her back arched in intense emotion. The bark of the tree is extremely smooth and flows untouched until the very bottom where the rough underside is visible. Surrounding the tree and encompassing her on all sides is rough and jagged stone. The stone takes on many shapes including a man's face and tightly gripped fists, with one on either side of the trapped tree. The furrowed brow and clenched teeth of the stone face possess two very symbolic objects. A bloody knife with a wedding band slipped over its hideous blade, and a leather glove seems reminiscent of a dirty deed and altogether out of place in the otherwise all natural landscape. Far o ...

Assessing Development And Democracy In India Politics Essay

Assessing Development And Democracy In India Politics Essay A strong centred democracy has been at the heart of Indian nationalism since independence with its many languages, religions, ethnicities. In adopting the Westminster parliamentary system, India substituted the monarchy for an elected President and a legislative body consisting of a bicameral structure that includes a lower house – the Lok Sabha  and  an upper house the Rajya Sabha  Ã‚   [ 2 ]   . India is now the world’s largest parliamentary democracy, some 714 million people were eligible to vote in last year’s election   [ 3 ]   . Members of the Lok Sabha are directly elected every five years with representation divided among India’s States, and seats apportioned  according to population. Members of the lower house the Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected by the legislative assemblies of the federal States and the President nominates twelve members to the Rajya Sabha based on distinguished reputations in the realm of the arts, sciences or public service   [ 4 ]   . The president is elected to office for a five year period by members of both houses. All citizens over the age of 18 years, regardless caste or religion are eligible to vote and turnout has stabilized at approximately 60%, which is particularly high by international standards   [ 5 ]   . Under Jawaharlal Nerhu’s (the first prime minster of India) nationalist ethos encompassing non alignment, socialism and secularism, the latter was the intended safe guard for religious minorities from majority rule. In an affront to the notion that democracy is a ‘Western luxury’ that developing countries cannot afford   [ 6 ]   , India’s body politic has remained markedly stable since independence, a notable exception in post colonial states. It is also viewed as an anomaly because of its incredibly diversified social strata and its ability to continue functioning as a democracy (Kothari 2005). There is no distinction for basis of ci tizenship along ethnic, religious or caste lines nor has there been any religious qualification for holding office. There has not been any significant state intervention to abolish the caste system   [ 7 ]   , although ‘untouchability’ was made illegal in the Constitution   [ 8 ]   the system has been left undisturbed. Independence and the adoption of democracy has however not resulted in any state-led political agenda of social reform, by in large society has been allowed to reform itself in a laissez faire way. A proportion of parliamentary seats and a percentage of public sector jobs were/are however reserved for members of  Other Backward Castes (OBCs), Scheduled Castes (SCs)  and  Scheduled Tribes (STs). This reserve falls under Positive Discrimination (PD)   [ 9 ]   . Bhimrao Ramji  Ambedkar (a member of the untouchable Mahar caste), provided the Dalits with their first real hope of transcending caste discrimination (Luce, 2007), ensuring that equality along caste lines was enshrined within the Constitution   [ 10 ]   . While caste disparity has not yet been alleviated in a substantial way, it has given the Dalits a feel for political mobility   [ 11 ]   . Constitutional provisions. As regards India’s post independence economic policy, it adopted a model of self-sufficiency and import substitution   [ 12 ]   . Influenced by the Soviet example of a mixed economy it turned its back on trade and foreign capital imports on the premise of being a self-sufficient industrialised nation   [ 13 ]   .This failed to take capitalize on India’s early start in modern industry   [ 14 ]   , with it rehashing many of the industries which were already in place but which, were in its view tainted by imperialism. As a result industry suffered (Bhagwati, Desai and Sen, 1997).

Aspect-Oriented Software Engineering Research Paper

Aspect-Oriented Software Engineering - Research Paper Example In the majority of huge software applications, it is difficult for the software development teams to understand the relationships between the software components and requirements. In fact, a number of software components can be implemented through a single requirement as well as each software component can have the ingredients of a number of requirements. In other words, the implementation of a change in the requirements can require from the software development team to completely understand and modify a number of other components. On the other hand, a software component is intended to provide some fundamental functionality however it can also contain code that can be used to implement a number of software requirements. In case when the software development team needs to reuse some of the important system components, it can be difficult or costly to reuse such components for the reason that reuse sometimes requires from software developers to make changes to these components in order to eliminate additional code that has no relationship with the key functionality of the software component (Sommerville 566; Nakagawa, Ferrari and Sasaki). In this scenario, AOSE is a very helpful technique for software development that has been developed to deal with this issue in order that it becomes easy for the software development team to maintain and reuse the software components. Basically, the fundamental idea of AOSE is based on the concept of abstractions which are acknowledged as aspects.  Additionally, these aspects are used to apply some of the core system functionality that can be required at various different sections or areas in a software application. In addition, these aspects are used to capture functionality that coexists and overlaps with other functionality that is the part of a system. However, these aspects are utilized in combination with other abstractions for instance methods and objects.

E-Commerce in Developing Countries Research Paper

E-Commerce in Developing Countries - Research Paper Example Different sectors including transportation, industries, technology, and entertainment greatly depend on internet applications. Various studies indicate that internet provides extensive employment opportunities to large number of people. Furthermore, internet has become the largest database in the universe. The most fascinating feature of the internet is that it acts as a platform for online trade or E-commerce. Today, many of the multinational corporations generate notable percent of their sales revenues through online business. II. Issues for developing countries a. Info-structure It seems that information structures used to build a website often become a constraint to E-commerce growth in developing countries. Sequences, hierarchies, and webs are the major information structures deployed to develop a website; and structures like hierarchies and webs are best ways to build and manage information databases effectively (Fresh Thinking Business, n.d). However, database management using such models requires in depth knowledge and greater efficiency. Obviously, developing countries may not have much fund to spend on infra-structure development as they need to address a series of other operational fund requirements. Moreover, those counties may lack adequate expertise to promote information structure development and this situation would adversely affect their internet usage practices. Experts reflect that many of the developing countries are still unaware of the necessity of structure development as they do not consider internet as a major contributor to their overall economic development. b. Legal and financial framework Evidences suggest that a nation’s legal and financial framework can have a greater impact on its E-commerce practices. Some developing countries believe that unrestricted internet access may negatively affect their national security and hence they ban some specific websites. To illustrate, China banned the social networking site facebook rec ently to maintain social peace and harmony. However, this move has affected the country’s E-commerce sector to a great extent since facebook was an important channel of business promotion in China. Nowadays, more countries are planning to ban some highly trafficked websites in order to avoid threats to national security. Such practices are more likely to impede online business growth since many of those websites provide people with a common platform to share their views and opinions regarding a particular product or service. As we mentioned earlier, developing countries with an unstable financial background cannot raise sufficient funds to foster IT development, which is essential to intensify E-commerce growth. c. Human resource Undoubtedly, human resource plays a pivotal role in determining E-commerce growth in developing countries. Although online business sector needs less number of employees as compared to traditional business settings, potential workforce is necessary f or E-commerce promotion. It seems that developing countries like India and China are blessed with potential human capital resources and hence they can employ skilled people and thereby generate huge revenues from online sales. In contrast, some other countries do not have adequate human resources and hence those countries employ the available workforce on industrial sectors. Obviously, this situation would impede the growth of E-commerce sector. It is also noted that

Summarizing three parts of a book chapter on research methods Term Paper

Summarizing three parts of a book chapter on research methods - Term Paper Example Variations on these criteria do occur, often when it is not practical to meet them fully, and in these cases the research can be classified as quasi-experimental. The classic experiment is described. A control group and an experimental group are pretested, the experimental group is subjected to the independent variable, and the two groups are tested again, to see if there is now any difference in the two groups that can be attributed to the independent variable. In social work there are ethical and practical issues which may prevent a researcher from conducting a true classic experiment. Typical objections are listed and appropriate responses suggested. It is true that human beings should not be denied services because of a research project, or treated as objects to be experimented on, but on the other hand it is unethical to offer services without knowing what their effects are likely to be and who is most likely to benefit from them. By putting appropriate safeguards in place, and by using waiting lists for random assignment, it is possible to design research that is both ethical and experimental. Informed consent is, however, absolutely es sential, even if it has negative effects on the research in question. Research can interfere with the normal working of social services, but staff should be made aware of the aims and potential benefits of research and their views and suggestions should be sought early in the research process. The Solomon four-group research design is described, showing the advantage of using a pretest with two groups and no pretest with the other two. The intervention is then administered, to one group in each set, and all four groups are posttested. This method allows the researcher to see very accurately what effect has been caused by the intervention. Matching can improve the accuracy of quasi-experimental design, but it is not as good as true randomisation because it only matches